The Author Book Atlas of Baghdad Ahmed Sousa and the author of 25 another books. أحمد سوسة مهندس وآثاري ومؤرخ عراقي من بابل
سيرته ولد الدكتور المهندس أحمد نسيم سوسة في مدينة الحلة بالعراق عام 1318 هـ/1900م، من أسرة يهودية ، أتم دراسته الاعدادية (الثانوية العامة) في الجامعة الأمريكية ببيروت عام 1924م، ثم حصل على شهادة البكلوريوس في الهندسة المدنية عام 1928 من كلية كولورادو في الولايات المتحدة. وواصل بعد ذلك دراسته العليا فنال شهادة الدكتوراه بشرف من جامعة جون هوبكنز الأمريكية عام 1930، وقد انتخب عضوا في مؤسسة (فاي بيتا كابا) العلمية الأمريكية المعروفة، كما منحته جامعة واشنطن عام 1929 جائزة (ويديل) التي تمنح سنويا لكاتب أحسن مقال من شأنه أن يسهم في دعم السلم بين دول العالم. ويعد الدكتور أحمد سوسة واحدًا من أقدم المهندسين العراقيين الذين تخرجوا من الجامعات الغربية. وقد كان أحمد سوسة يهودي الديانة لكنه أعتنق الإسلام بعد ذلك.
بعد عودته للعراق، عين مهندساً في دائرة الري العراقية عام 1930م، ثم تقلب في عدة وظائف فنية في هذه الدائرة مدة 18 سنة، حتى عين عام 1946 معاوناً لرئيس الهيئة التي ألفت لدراسة مشاريع الري الكبرى العراقية. وفي عام 1947 عين مديراً عاماً للمساحة ثم مديراً عاماً في ديوان وزارة الزراعة عام 1954، ثم أعيد مديراً عاماً للمساحة وبقي في هذا المنصب حتى عام 1957.
عند تأسيس مجلس الأعمار عام 1951 عين مساعدا شخصيا في الأمور الفنية لنائب رئيس مجلس الأعمار إضافة لوظيفته الأصلية. وكان من أوائل أعضاء المجمع العلمي العراقي منذ تأسيسه عام 1946 وبقي عضوا عاملا فيه حتى وفاته.
خلال عامي 1939 و1940 ترأس البعثتين اللتين أوفدتهما الحكومة العراقية إلى المملكة العربية السعودية لدراسة مشاريع الري في الخرج والاشراف على تنفيذها. وكان الدكتور أحمد سوسة أحد مؤسسي جمعية المهندسين العراقية عام 1938.
اهتم أحمد سوسة بمباحث حضارية قديمة في العراق حيث بحث في تاريخ العراق الحضاري وكتب عن نظم القنوات المائية والسدود في الحضارات القديمة كجزء من هذا الاهتمام، تربو مؤلفاته على الخمسين كتاباً وتقريراً فنياً وأطلساً، أضافة إلى أكثر من 116 مقالاً وبحثاً نشرت في الصحف والمجلات العلمية المختلفة. وتتوزع مؤلفاته على حقول الري والهندسة والزراعة والجغرافية والتاريخ والحضارة.
أولاده من أولاده علي و “عالية أحمد سوسة”، ولقد توفيا، ولعلي ولد واحد أسمه حيدر وأبنته عالية كانت تعمل مترجمة في هيئة الأمم المتحدة ولها بنت واحدة أسمها سارة، ولقد قتلت أبنته عالية في بغداد بعد تفجير مقر هيئة الأمم المتحدة في 19 آب 2003م.
المصدر: ويكيبيديا الموسوعة الحرة برخصة المشاع الإبداعي
In this post, I listed some pictures of the Iraqi cities from the 60s century. The pictures are taken from DA International Co. Ltd Doxiadis. Enjoy the wonderful archive of those cities.
صور المباني والمساكن والدرابين لمدن العراق في ستينات القرن الماضي
“In this handwritten book, Geoffrey Baker traces the development of Le Corbusier’s organisation of form. The book starts with Le Corbusier’s formative years in La Chaux-de-Fonds, and considers his oeuvre in four stages, analysing key buildings from each phase. …
Architecture, the art and technique of designing and building, as distinguished from the skills associated with construction. The practice of architecture is employed to fulfill both practical and expressive requirements, and thus it serves both utilitarian and aesthetic ends. Although these two ends may be distinguished, they cannot be separated, and the relative weight given to each can vary widely. Because every society—settled or nomadic—has a spatial relationship to the natural world and to other societies, the structures they produce reveal much about their environment (including climate and weather), history, ceremonies, and artistic sensibility, as well as many aspects of daily life.
The characteristics that distinguish a work of architecture from other built structures are:
The suitability of the work to use by human beings in general and the adaptability of it to particular human activities,
The stability and permanence of the work’s construction
The communication of experience and ideas through its form.
All these conditions must be met in architecture. The second is a constant, while the first and third vary in relative importance according to the social function of buildings. If the function is chiefly utilitarian, as in a factory, communication is of less importance. If the function is chiefly expressive, as in a monumental tomb, utility is a minor concern. In some buildings, such as churches and city halls, utility and communication may be of equal importance.
Evolution of house architecture, cartoon vector illustration. Human home dwelling development process, hut of branches icon, medieval rural house, old stone mansion and modern concrete villa isolated
العمارة، فن وتقنية التصميم والبناء ، فهي تختلف عن المهارات المرتبطة بالبناء. يتم استخدام ممارسة الهندسة المعمارية لتلبية كل من المتطلبات العملية والتعبيرية ، وبالتالي فهي تخدم كلاً من الغايات النفعية والجمالية. على الرغم من أنه يمكن تمييز هذين الطرفين ، إلا أنه لا يمكن فصلهما ، ويمكن أن يختلف الوزن النسبي والأهمية المعطاة لكل منهما بشكل كبير. نظرًا لأن كل مجتمع – مستقر أو بدوي – له علاقة مكانية بالعالم الطبيعي وبالمجتمعات الأخرى ، فإن الهياكل التي ينتجونها تكشف الكثير عن بيئتهم (بما في ذلك المناخ والطقس) والتاريخ والاحتفالات والحساسية الفنية ، فضلاً عن العديد من الجوانب من الحياة اليومية.
الخصائص التي تميز عملًا معماريًا عن الهياكل المبنية الأخرى هي: ملاءمة العمل للاستخدام من قبل البشر بشكل عام ومدى تكيفه مع أنشطة بشرية معينة ، استقرار واستمرارية البناء ، و ايصال الخبرات والأفكار من خلال الشكل المعماري. كل هذه الشروط يجب أن تتحقق في الهندسة المعمارية. الشرط الثاني ثابت ، بينما يختلف الأول والثالث في الأهمية النسبية وفقًا للوظيفة الاجتماعية للمباني. إذا كانت الوظيفة نفعية بشكل أساسي ، كما هو الحال في المصنع ، يكون التواصل أقل أهمية. إذا كانت الوظيفة معبرة بشكل رئيسي ، كما هو الحال في القبر والصروح الضخمة ، فإن المنفعة هي مصدر قلق ثانوي. في بعض المباني ، مثل الكنائس وقاعات المدينة ، قد تكون المرافق الخدمية والتواصل البصري ذات أهمية متساوية.
The work we are presenting in this section has been done by first-year architecture students at the University of Kufa, Department of Architecture. A special thanks to the class chairman Dr. Shubber Falah and the teaching committee for guiding the students throughout the year. Even though it has been a challenging period, and despite the pandemic, the students managed to produced amazing compositions and have a better understanding of the first-year design principles.
Chairman Dr. Shubbur Fallah during the Department of Architectural Engineering exhibition
In the next pages you can browse the different projects that first year architecture students have studied in 2020-2021 year. Starting with Linear Cube, Kits of parts, and Learning from Precedents.
I was once asked, what is your opinion about the future of architecture and architects. I always believed that any field with creativity measured has a bright future especially with all available technologies and the integration of profession. Architecture is changing rapidly and, in this article, I will discuss others’ opinions about the matter.
The role of architects is changing, as well as the advanced technologies. Architecture is one of the ancient professions that is developing slowly, and the profound fundamentals stayed the same. To be honest, this can be a little worrying and architects should take immediate action. The best way to adapt to that evolution is pushing ourselves and the boundaries of the profession.
In the UK, there is a quick demise of the mid-sized practice and shortfall of jobs, the research of RIBA claims that the architect’s profession could look very different in the near future. The Royal Institute of British Architects mentioned how the demands of a global economy have transformed business practice and the evolution of projects.
Traditional ways are no longer valid, spatial concepts as well. Compost materials are being used, crowdfunding and collaborative design have become the appropriate approaches in architecture. The line is thinning between private and public spaces, there is a focus on green infrastructure and energy efficiency. This is how technology is accelerating the architecture role at an incredible pace.
The long process
One of the issues that I want to highlight is the process from the concept to reality in architecture takes a long time. We can list the core tenets of the process to Interpreting the client, developing a solution, submitting for approval from the local building agency, conveying the design solution to the contractor via construction documents, and verifying the construction is true to the documents provided. The main core of the architect’s business would still be solution-based and focusing on problem-saving in the future. The process will focus less on the drawing process of the construction documents, and more likely on innovation solutions.
Architects practice now and then
The other issue is the barrier that architects made with other professions such as planning and urban design. It is highlighted that practitioner architects need to expand their definition of what the title means. Many non-architects have made their own brand and created their own brand to their main practice to avoid the use of the ‘architect’ term. This helped to enter a diverse market such as lighting, product design, and community consultation which many formal architects can not involve in these areas because of the use of their title. The impact made by non-architects’ practices is significant, especially on the built environment. Also, clients are more sophisticated nowadays and they need more conventional methods, luckily technology is advancing allowing a higher level of information to be easily conveyed.
The impact of a globalizing economy, the exploding information capability, and the cultural confusion are among the things architects need to respond to. Not by far, architects used to be undisputed bosses, but it is more vulnerable now more than ever. Many graduates seem to see this as an opportunity to fulfill the professional institutions to create the conditions which will optimize their chances.
What about the advancement in technology?
Technology plays an important role in shaping architecture, especially with the market’s significant speed increase. There are some companies that started to deliver logistical material via Maps for quicker and more efficient construction methods. We are looking to online firms like DIRTT and Katerra that ignored the traditional ways in design to create drawings by the implementation of advanced technology, they managed to create whole new methods in architecture and logistical standpoints.
Some research suggests that in the near future, there will be no need for individuals checking of construction documents. Digital outputs like BIM (building information technology) will assist in many aspects like regenerative design, renewability, cost, and app-based maintenance programs. The whole process will be shorter and human error will be reduced.
What is the future of architecture as a profession?
As architects, we need to focus on the end-user experience to adapt to the rapid advancement of the market, programmed space, and construction efficiency. We need to adapt while maintaining beautiful designs, there will be more emphasis on how a building operates and supports the end-users, and their overall experience. We need to understand that ego has been always driven by the achievement of architecture history. Nowadays, we are shifting toward performance and building functionality for client’s needs, we need to adapt that. There is a need to find the balance between form and function, time will only tell how the new adaptation will be.
Surprisingly, only 1 in 100 students thinks about this topic. Your teacher is a human too, it is important to understand them as it can influence how much time he or she is willing to help you with your course. As a student you should get a good recommendation letters from your previous teachers, this will help you with your future career.
There is an old saying that you should give an apple to your teacher, but the fact is that it takes more than an apple to get him/her to like you. College is very stressful and challenging in many ways, you have new rules and instructions to follow. Plus, a new slew of instructors like tenured professors and teaching assistants that you need to impress. Remember, it is not hard to get them to your side, exams results are not the only way to get your teacher to love you, your handwriting is not as well.
Today, we are discussing some of the points on how to ingratiate yourself to your professor.
Many subjects are (discussion-based subjects) that require student participation as some percentage of the total grade. Different professors calculate that percentage differently, it is usually a combination of the student’s attendance and class participation. Be active in the class, therefore, you will get high participation grade. Even though your profs are usually too polite to ask, but they notice who sit in the front row or who is sitting there yawning or looking bummed out. Be careful, they know when you pick up your phone and start texting too. Be active and start taking notes and show your interest in the material displayed.
Future recommendations are the matter of your profs liking you. If your intention after college to get an internship, continue your post-graduate study, or study abroad, then you surely need a recommendation letter. Try to develop a good relationship with your teachers during your class and he or she will remember you out of it. It will easier for your teacher to write about you. Usually, you need at least three recommendation letters from your previous profs.
Teachers like to break up the class by asking questions, perk up with a question when he or she comes in asking the class if they have any questions. Do not dominate every class by asking whatever comes into mind, and remember to stay on topic. I assure you will become a major in your teacher’s side, as well as incur the wrath of your fellow classmates. Do not worry whether your questions are stupid or not, just do your best. Take a note that this will increase the engagement in the class, and it will make the subject more enjoyable to you.
Your current professor can be your future mentor. This will help you to get connect to useful people by getting support from your teacher. When he or she likes you, you will be supported, and your relationship can last beyond the end of the semester. Your future career is really important, and your professor can boost up that.
Every instructor has a title, use the proper one to address them. Do not call them with their first names, use “Dr. So-and-so” or “Prof So-and-so”. If your teacher has no Ph.D., use “Mr.” or “Ms.”. Also, say thank you when your Prof. goes the extra mile for you. Your instructor does not get extra paid for special appointment with you outside the office hours, make up exams, answering emails on the weekends or writing recommendations. A simple “thank you” goes a long way towards making their extra effort feel worthwhile.
Participation in the department event is something lecturers are not good at. Try to join a team and play a role in the events regularly. Professors do take notes when they see you active in the department outside lectures on in the departmental student club. Some of the instructors have a research project, be part of it by participating in the research team. You might join a small class or seminars with them, this would give you a great opportunity for valuable training and future internship with them.
Do not email or text your instructor if you miss your class, instead, ask your classmates about what you have missed. Do not ask your lecturer to fill you in, you will be wasting his or her time and your classmate’s time. Do your best to make up what you missed, if your instructor notice that you have troubles understanding something, they will assist you.
Tell your instructor you like the class, it would be a special touch if you could come up with specific thing about the class that you are enjoying. Students rarely realize that lecturers also worry about how the class is going, they want to know if the students are liking the subject and are enjoying it. Do not start sucking up, give a general expression of appreciation, do not let your instructor think that you are trying to get a good grade.
Architecture remains a tough profession for women to crack. The roles of women in the fields of architecture and design have long been largely overlooked due to gender discrimination. Fortunately, there are professional organizations that support women in overcoming these traditional barriers. Yet, there are many women who broke the glass ceiling in the field of architecture, establishing successful careers and designing some of the world’s most admired landmark buildings and urban settings.
According to the statistics, half of the gradate degrees in architecture are females, yet only 1% or less are in director positions in architectural practice. In the United States, only 18% of licensed practitioners are women. Moreover, women are given less salaries compared to male architects with fewer career-building opportunities. If we compare this percentage with other disciplines, in the medicine and law nearly twice the rate of architects is female. Female architects earn 20% less than male architects according to the U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics.
In a world we are living today, and the increasingly diverse population, users are fivers in their needs and deserve to be served equally by professionals.
It was not until 1972 which forbade discrimination against women practice architecture. Even with the admission, some people remained skeptical and women architects stayed doubtful that they could exercise authority on the site. Some managers and business leaders assumed that women would quit after marrying or having a child, that justified why women aid less compared to male colleagues. Today, the reports showed that 75% of women having experienced sexual discrimination in their jobs. The survey showed that 83% of female workers believed that having a child would affect their careers and that is why women get 20% less paid than male architects (U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics).
Currently, some professional organizations and advocacy groups are trying to remove the obstacles with symposiums, workshops, and research. Some schools of architecture are also attempting to educate the students by public lectures series to show the importance of this topic and women issues in workspaces.
Discrimination against women architects comes from clients too. Some refuses to acknowledge the authority and skills of a woman. When a woman introduce herself to the client as an architect, often confronts conspicuous and disbelief. Some of the women architects assume that she chosen the wrong field and she does not belong to where she is now. This should not happen in era of civilization.
Amelia at the Undercover Architect wrote about being a female architect in an industry dominated by men. She mentioned that she deals with interesting gender challenges with statement like (That’s just what a woman would do, or are you going to be emotional today?). Amelia talked that she was not afraid of asking questions to understand more or to collaborate with clients and team members to understand more about achieving better outcomes and more satisfied clients.
Whether you are a female or male architect, your home should be the launchpad for your life. You get support from your family and friends if you are facing troubles.
You know your design is well when it is invisible, it is because it’s doing the job so well.
Seth Godin said, “Design is about function. Everything we do has a job, and if it’s designed properly, the job will get done well.”
It all come to individual designers, their skills and abilities to help clients. A good designer should listen, collaborate, respond without ego to your needs.
Picasso once said that good artists copy; great artists steal. This is well-known and recently over-quoted thanks to the success of Steve Jobs with Apple. It is also tragically misinterpreted. It is a tongue-in-cheek phrase that insinuates that great artists build on the work of others without anyone spotting it.
The new book Copy Paste: The Badass Architectural Copy Guide showed a similarity between the Adalberto Libera designed the Casa Malaparte and the Georgios Kontoleon drawings that they looked the same even though the original house was never built. This raises the question, did Libra copied Kontoleon? Probably not, but the idea was a logical development of images and forms that many architects had been developing and handing off to each other. Design is a question of stretching, reversing, recombining, reusing, and otherwise creatively stealing and adapting what already exists.
Adalberto Libera – Casa Malaparte (1939) vs Georgios Kontoleon – Kyriakides residence (1933)
Copying is not just in architecture, classical-modern music also consists of sampling and reworking to come up with something considered new. In fact, we should stop worrying about how we define the originality and intervention in architecture, instead, it is becoming increasingly difficult to attain.
The opening pages of Copy Paste contain a collection of scans of newspaper articles in which buildings are compared to each other, either contemporaneously and historically or biomorphically. The images are at times amusing and times revealing. You only think it’s embarrassing if copying is a sin. The fact is that you can not avoid copying and pasting but it is how to do it in a manner that is both self-conscious and productive. The dumb thing is the repetition of the same details, the same form and the same plan no matter what the context of the climate is. Good architects, to extend the old saw, steal, bad architects copy themselves. Copy and paste: We always have, we always will, we must, but we must do it well.
In the education field, we should always learn from the past and we have the courage to copy the others. By doing that we are acknowledging the source and paying tribute to the ongoing building. The Greek sculpturing is through the Roman copies, as the remains from the ancient Greek originals are pathetic.
We copy someone or something to:
Learn about the subject and understand it
Pay tribute to it
Acquire the same privileges and exploit it for personal gain
It is wrong to pretend to own the design originality, it is when copying becomes faking. You should only copy to learn and improve, as we copy our friends and parents, it is the most characteristic trait of human behaviour. We should learn that the history of design is the history of re-design. Therefore, the originality is a myth and there are no foreign lands, it is only the traveler who is foreign (Scottish novelist Robert Louis Stevenson).
Source of material:
architectmagazine.com
dezeen.com
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Design software allows you to save time and get a more efficient workflow. Nowadays, clients expect to see more than just a concept drawing, they expect to see virtual representation with extra details. 3D modeling software can do lots of that and more. In this post, we showed some of the popular software for architecture students.
Revit Architecture
The building information modelling (BIM) concept is key in modern architecture. It relates to the development of sustainable buildings. In a world where environmental awareness is at an all-time high, sustainability is high on the agenda for many clients.
SketchUp
Many architects favour SketchUp because of its real-world applications. Google purchased SketchUp in 2006. Though it has since sold the company, Google implemented a lot of useful features. For example, you can pull topographical images from Google Maps into SketchUp. The same goes for satellite images.
AutoCAD
AutoCAD software has been a fixture of the architecture sector since its release in 1982. The software has come a long way since those early days. Students and professionals have used AutoCAD for decades. As such, learning how to use it often proves helpful when searching for jobs in engineering or architecture.
Maya
There is some disagreement about how useful Maya is when it comes to architecture. Some argue that it is too general a design software. They note that it doesn’t have many of the tools that more dedicated pieces of software benefit from. However, this lack of constraints is often useful to designers.
ArchiCAD
Many point to ArchiCAD as offering everything a designer would need. It proves useful in creating both 2D and 3D models. Further, you can integrate several other software packages into it. ArchiCAD’s main feature is its user-friendly nature. You can learn the basics of the software with minimal effort. This has made it a favourite with students and those just starting out in architecture.
3D Max Studio
3ds Max Design software is a comprehensive 3D design, modeling, animation, and rendering solution for architects, designers, civil engineers, and visualization specialists. 3ds Max has a very robust modeling toolset with a huge library of different modifiers which can make the modeling process easier. Depending on how new you are to the world of 3D then modeling in 3ds Max can be a little easier to grasp.
Lumion
Lumion breathes life into rendering, making the process simple and enjoyable from the moment you import your model until you render out a beautiful image, video or 360 panorama. It helps to show the beauty and personality in your project, and it makes the experience of your design visible for everyone to see, long before the project actually gets built.
Whether you are still a student or a professional, the design software packages we just listed have many uses for the industry. Many job recruiters may ask you to be skillful in them, and there are many more in the market. Clients usually amazed by the production result, make sure you master them to add more advantages to your skills.
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